Consequently, most of the known studies used highly reactive substrates and/or severe reaction conditions to activate CO 2, limiting the application of such methods. However, activation and utilization of CO 2 is still problematic due to the fact that it is the most oxidized form of carbon, which is also thermodynamically stable and/or kinetically inert in certain desired transformations. As a result, valorization of CO 2 is currently receiving considerable and ever increasing attention by the scientific community 2, 3, 4. Although the extensive use of carbon dioxide for chemical production cannot solve this problem alone, CO 2 is a useful one-carbon (C1) building block in organic synthesis due to its abundance, availability, nontoxicity and recyclability. Obviously, there is an urgent need to control CO 2 emissions and develop efficient carbon capture systems. This increase in CO 2 concentration is largely due to the combustion of fossil fuels, which are required to meet the world’s energy demand 1. Since pre-industrial times, the amount of CO 2 has steadily increased and nowadays CO 2 is a component of greenhouse gases, which are primarily responsible for the rise in atmospheric temperature and probably abnormal changes in the global climate. In addition to biomass, CO 2 offers the possibility to create a renewable carbon economy. Until now, the vast majority of carbon resources are based on crude oil, natural gas and coal. However, when dealing with the feedstock of the chemical industry, the level of sustainability is still far from satisfactory. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008909.A more sensible resource management is the prerequisite for the sustainable development of future generations. Is hypercapnia associated with poor prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A long-term follow-up cohort study. Yang H, Xiang P, Zhang E, Guo W, Shi Y, Zhang S, et al. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2019 Jul 25 7(Suppl 1):39. The role of hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure. Morales-Quinteros L, Camprubí-Rimblas M, Bringué J, Bos LD, Schultz MJ, Artigas A. Hypercapnia-induced cerebral hyperperfusion: an underrecognized clinical entity. Pollock JM, Deibler AR, Whitlow CT, et al. High-flow nasal cannula versus conventional oxygen therapy in acute COPD exacerbation with mild hypercapnia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Xia J, Gu S, Lei W, Zhang J, Wei H, Liu C, et al. Dyspnea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the Dyspnea-ALS-Scale (DALS-15) essentially contributes to the diagnosis of respiratory impairment. Risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Hogea SP, Tudorache E, Fildan AP, Fira-Mladinescu O, Marc M, Oancea C. Comorbidities and subgroups of patients surviving severe acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in the intensive care unit. StatPearls.Īdler D, Pépin JL, Dupuis-Lozeron E, et al. Patel S, Miao JH, Yetiskul E, Anokhin A, Majmundar SH. Caffeine Use in the Anesthetic Management of a Patient With Congenital Central Hypoventilation. How the lungs work.ĭavis JS, Allais L, Abdallah C. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. It can vary greatly from one patient to another but can include a mix of breathing exercises, physical exercises, and diet and nutrition consultations. Pulmonary rehab is another treatment option.You must wear a device that resembles an over-the-shoulder purse or backpack with a tube (cannula) that delivers oxygen into your nose. Oxygen therapy gives you freedom of movement while you're being treated for hypercapnia.The mask is connected to a machine that delivers gentle air pressure and oxygen from a flow generator, though you can still breathe on your own. A tightly fitted mask is placed over your face or nose. Noninvasive ventilation provides breathing support through the upper airways.Mechanical ventilation involves the use of a mechanical ventilator that takes over the act of breathing for you.You may need this type of respiratory assistance temporarily while a severe medical illness is being treated. You are unable to breathe or speak while you are intubated. Intubation requires that an endotracheal tube be placed in your mouth and down into your airway.
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